Apoptosis in Displaced Temporomandibular Joint Disc with and without Reduction: An Immunohistochemical Study

Internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is due to an abnormal relationship of the articular disc to the mandibular condyle, glenoid fossa and articular eminence. The two most common types of internal derangement are anterior disc displacement with (ADDwR) and without reduction (ADDwoR). Disc displacement is associated with degenerative tissue changes. The histological features of discs from patients with TMJ ID reflect a general remodelling caused by abnormal loading. A correlation has been demonstrated between TMJ ID and apoptosis. Few investigations have addressed the role of apoptosis or caspase activity in TMJ ID. The apoptosis activation process was studied in different areas of discs from 18 patients with ID (both ADDwR and ADDwoR) and four cadavers (controls), with emphasis on the expression of caspase 3, whose activation makes the death process irreversible. The results showed a greater proportion of caspase 3‐positive cells in ADDwR and ADDwoR than in control discs. Immunopositivity also varied between disc areas; in particular, in ADDwoR sections labelled cells were significantly more numerous (P \u3c 0.01) in the posterior disc attachment than in the anterior and intermediate bands. In addition, a significantly greater proportion of labelled cells was seen in the anterior (+) and intermediate (++) band of ADDwR compared with ADDwoR discs both bands (P \u3c 0.05). These data suggest the importance of programmed cell death in the progression of TMJ ID

Occurrence and Regional Distribution of TRAIL and DR5 on Temporomandibular Joint Discs: Comparison of Disc Derangement with and without Reduction

Background Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an apoptosis-inducing member of the TNF gene family which triggers apoptotic signals by interaction with its receptors. It has been suggested to be a major contributing factor to tissue degeneration. Objective The present study investigated, through immunohistochemistry, the regional expression of TRAIL and in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc of anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR) and without reduction (ADDwoR) patients, to help determine the relationship between TMJ disc displacement and apoptosis. Study design We studied 18 TMJ diseased discs affected by disc displacement without or with reduction and 4 normal TMJ discs. Specimens were processed for immunohistochemistry to evaluate TRAIL and its receptor DR5 expression. Results Disc tissues from internal derangements (both ADDwR and ADDwoR) exhibited a much higher percentage of TRAIL- and DR5-positive cells as well as stain intensity compared with normal tissue though with regional variation according to the portion of the disc. There was a significantly higher percentage of stained cells in the posterior disc attachment compared with the anterior or intermediate bands of both ADDwR and ADDwoR discs for TRAIL and DR5. Conclusions TRAIL and DR5 are overexpressed in displaced human TMJ disc, especially in the posterior disc attachment. These results suggest a possible pivotal role of the TRAIL/DR5 system in TMJ disc degeneration

Analisis Penerapan Prinsip-prinsip Good Corporate Governance Pada PT Sumber Baru Wisata

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan prinsip-prinsip Good Corporate Governance pada PT Sumber Baru Wisata Yogyakarta yang bergerak di bidang perhotelan. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode wawancara. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah purposive sampling dan untuk menguji keabsahan data, penulis menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Perusahaan sudah menerapkan prinsip-prinsip Good Corporate Governance yaitu Keterbukaan, Akuntabilitas, Tanggung Jawab, Kemandirian, Kesetaraan dan Kewajaran. Namun, dari penerapan prinsip-prinsip ini, masih ada yang perlu dikembangkan oleh Perusahaan seperti dari keterbukaan visi dan misi Perusahaan belum terdapat pada website Perusahaan, akuntabilitas dimana Perusahaan harus menambahkan audit eksternal, dari segi tanggung jawab Perusahaan juga dapat menambahkan program Corporate Social Responsibility yang berkelanjutan, dari prinsip tanggung jawab penambahan peraturan Perusahaan secara spesifik mengenai cara untuk menghindari intervensi dalam pengambilan keputusan, dari aspek Kewajaran dan Kesetaraan Perusahaan dapat membuat pedoman cara untuk memperlakukan stakeholder agar setara khususnya kepada owner ketika mengunjungi Perusahaan

Assessing the fitness-for-purpose of strategic transport research in support of European transport policy

The transport policy environment is changing, because of increasing mobility of people and goods, world wide use of ICT, a rising importance of the knowledge economy, etc. Future meth-ods for transport policy assessments will have to integrate these emerging trends, but above all, the new research knowledge produced needs to be taken better into use within the policy proc-esses. To tackle the problem, the paper presents a generic fitness-for-purpose (FFP) Assessment method for research projects in support of transport policy. Based on the results of a case study, the paper argues that by linking a systematic FFP Analysis of transport research projects with researcher-civil servant network building, a method for accepting, elaborating and applying the produced European transport research knowledge can be provided. By doing this, the paper con-tributes to a more systematic and integrative assessment of transport research in policy support, and hopefully enhances the integration of transport research and policy making while at the same time, initiating a better based policy process. We see that FFP Assessments could offer an essential element for the policy relevant transport research knowledge production in the future

Indoor radon survey in university buildings: a case study of Sapienza - University of Rome

The indoor radon concentration in underground workplaces pertaining to Sapienza – University of Rome have been monitored since the 90’s according to prescription of Italian Legislative Decree 230/95. In the last years, the recommendations contained in the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom have shifted the focus to all indoor exposure situations by promoting actions to identify workplaces and dwellings with radon concentrations exceeding the reference level of 300 Bq/m3. In response to the upcoming transposition into national legislation, Sapienza has promoted the first Italian survey addressing workplaces in university buildings, regardless of the position with respect to the ground floor. The survey has interested more than three hundred workplaces, i.e. administration and professors’ offices, research and educational laboratories, conference rooms and classrooms, distributed in fifteen different buildings. Places monitored are strongly heterogeneous in terms of users’ habit, occupancy pattern and building characteristics. The influence of these parameters into seasonal variation have been addressed by organizing the survey in four quarters. The indoor radon concentration is measured by solid state nuclear track detectors, CR39. The aim of the paper is to present features, methods and intermediate results of the survey. The work, relying on the analysis of previous measurements interesting underground workplaces, focuses on methodology followed during all the preliminary and preparatory phases: active measurements by ionization chamber radon continuous monitor, radon progeny equilibrium factor estimations by radon daughters monitor, strategies for occupants’ awareness, positioning protocol and provisions to maximize representativity of results

Forces Applied on the Ground in Roller Skating

Walking, running, cycling, skating are just some examples of the many possibilities available to man for his own motion. Most of these activities have been widely studied both from a physiological as well as biomechanic viewpoint. On the contrary, few researches and experiments are available as regards skating, particularly roller-skating. In this sport the athlete wears a special pair of shoes fitted with four little wheels, each one of which is able to spin freely on a axis of its own. The analysis of the techniques used in roller-skating (as to how, when and where the propulsive force is applied and of the most appropriate length and frequency of each step) can provide some valuable information for a more thorough development of this sport activity. In order to have the opportunity to study and evaluate at least some of these parameters, some special force transducers were built and applied to each of the wheel fitted on a pair of skates. Furthermore, front and back weight-force detectors were also installed

Video Coding with Motion Estimation at the Decoder

Predictive video coding is based on motion estimation. In such systems, the temporal correlation is exploited at the encoder, whereas at the decoder, the correlation between the previously decoded frames and the current frame is never exploited. In this chapter, we propose a method for motion estimation at the decoder. Based on the prediction residue and on the already decoded frames, the decoder is able to partially reconstruct the motion field, which therefore can be skipped in the encoded stream. The proposed approach is based on Least Square Estimation (LSE) prediction, and is suitable for low bit-rate video coding, in which the transmission of the motion field has a significant impact on the overall bit-rate. The same technique could also be useful in case of high definition video coding, where a detailed and accurate motion field is required. Preliminary results seem to be very promising